Grammar 3 (Subjunctive, Conditional Clause, Passive Voice, Reported Speech and Gerund)

Subjunctive

Subjunctive is a sentence patterns that is used to express a strong hope. Basically, subjunctive tense in English can be divided into two:
1. WISH Constructions    

Contrary to Present / Future situation:
* Simple Past ~> S1 + wish(ed) + S2 + V2
* Conditional ~> S1 + wish(ed) + S2 + (would + V1)

Contrary to Past situation:
* Past Perfect ~> S1 + wish(ed) + S2 + (had + V3)
Note:
* S1 + wish(ed) + to inf. ~> it is not a subjunctive because there is no 2nd subject
* We wish to spend the night at her new apartment today.

* S1 + wish(ed) + S2 + (Past / Past Perfect) ~> it is a subjunctive
* We wish we spent the night at her new apartment today.
* fact: We are sorry we do not spend the night there today.

• I am sorry I cannot cash the cheque today.
  * I wish I could cash it today.
• I am (was) sorry I could not cash the cheque yesterday.
  * I wish(ed) I could have cashed it yesterday.
• He is sorry he must follow a remedial test.
  * He wishes he did not have to follow it.
• I regret telling her about the news
  * I wish I had not told her about it.

2. IF ONLY

Conditional Sentence Type II:
* Simple Past ~> If only + S + V2

Conditional Sentence Type III:
* Past Perfect ~> If only + S + (had + V3)

He does not do his work (so the boss punishes him)
* If only he did his work (the boss would not punish him)

He did not do his work (so the boss punished him)
* If only he had done his work (the boss would not have punished him)

3. SUPPOSE

(see discussion of "IF ONLY" above!)

Example:
* I am not a king.
* Suppose I were a king.

4. WOULD RATHER

Contrary to Present / Future situation:
* Simple Past ~> S1 + would rather + S2 + V2
* Conditional ~> S1+ would rather + (would + V1)

Contrary to Past situation:
* Past Perfect ~> S1 + would rather + S2 + (had + V3)

Note:
* S + would rather + bare inf. ~> it is not a subjunctive (there is no 2nd subject)
* I would rather go with her.

* S + would rather + S2 + (Simple Past / Past Perfect) ~> it is a subjunctive
* I would rather you went with her.
* fact: You do not go with her.

The children are not studying now.
* Father would rather they were studying now.

They didn't wear uniforms to school yesterday.
* We'd rather they had worn them then.

5. AS IF / AS THOUGH

a) Simple Present - Simple Past
* S1 + V1 + as if / as though + S2 + V2
* He acts as if he knew the answer.
* fact: He doesn't know the answer.

b) Simple Past - Past Perfect
* S1 + V2 + as if / as though + S2 + (had + V3)
* He acted as if he had known the answer.
* fact: He didn't know the answer.

c) Simple Present - Past Perfect
* S1 + V1 + as if / as though + S2 + (had + V3)
* The cheese looks as if a rat had nibbled half of it.
* fact: It was not a rat which nibbled half of it.

She looks pale as if / as though she saw a ghost now. ~> it is a subjunctive
* fact: She doesn't see a ghost now.

She looks pale as if / as though she had seen a ghost just now. ~> it is a subjunctive
* fact: She didn't see a ghost just now.

Conditional clause

Conditional Sentences are also known as Conditional Clauses or If Clauses. They are used to express that the action in the main clause (without if) can only take place if a certain condition (in the clause with if) is fulfilled. This sentence consists of two parts:
1. Main Clause (Parent sentence): the sentence can stand alone because it has a subject and predicate.
2. Sub-ordinate Clause / If clause (clause): the sentence can not stand alone / must be attached to the main clause.
There are three types of Conditional Sentences:

Type I condition: Future Possible Conditional 
Future possible conditional is a conditional sentence, that is, if the occurrence of a case depends on whether the conditions are met or not, but the terms or conditions are still very realistic that we can think that the assumption that we make possible.
Example:
1. If there are no starts, the sky will be very dark.
Fact: possibility of the sky is not so dark, when there will be a star.
2. If you eat too much, you will get a stomachache.
Fact : he did not eat much because he did not want to upset stomach
Tenses:
If clause Result clause
If + Simple Present Simple Future
Formula :
S + will + V1 + if + S + V1/V1+s/es
or
If + S + V1/ V1+s/es , S + will + V1
Description:
Clause if it can be placed at the beginning of the sentence without changing the meaning, but the second sentence should be preceded by a comma (,)
Note: In this type, "if" is often replaced with "when"

Type II condition: Present Conditional 
Different from the future conditional, conditionals present conditional is used to express a state that is not possible be fulfilled.

Example :
1. If I went to Jakarta, I would visit him.
Fact : I don’t go to Jakarta.
2. If he didn’t drink beer, he wouldn’t get drunk. 
Fact : He drinks beer.
3. If I passed the exam, I would continue to university.
Fact : I do not pass the exam now.
Tenses:
If clause Result clause
If + Simple Past Past Future Tense

Formula :
IF + S + V2, S + would + V1
Note:
In type II “were “ is used for all subjects
Example :
If I were you, I would continue to university ( but I am not you).
Were as the only “be”
Type III condition: Past Conditional 
Past conditional sentence is also an assumption that is not possible be fulfilled. So, we can only assume if it is different even though we already know it is impossible supposition.
Example: 
1. If I had locked the door, the thieves would not have been able to get in.
Fact : I didn’t lock the door.
2. If the weather had been fine, we could have gone to the zoo.
Fact : The weather wasn’t fine.
3. If I had passed the exam, I would have continued to university.
Fact : I did not pass the exam then.
Tenses:
If clause Result clause
Past Perfect Tense Past Future Perfect Tense

Formula :
IF + S + had + V3, S + would have + V3
Note:
For type III often shaped inversion (reversal), two subjects and verbs do not use the IF.

Passive voice

Forming the passive voice

The passive voice is not a tense in English. Each tense has its own passive voice which is created by using a form of the auxiliary verb to be + V3 (past participle)

The passive voice in each tense:

Tense	Auxiliary verb + sample V3 (past participle)	Examples
Present simple	am, is, are + made	Wine is made from grapes. Many cars are made in Japan.
Present progressive	am, is, are + being + sent	The document is being sent right now. I am being sent to work in the London office.
Past simple	was, were + invited	John was invited to speak at the conference. We were invited to Daniel and Mary’s wedding.
Past progressive	was, were + being + washed	The dog was being washed when I got home. Their cars were being washed while they were in the mall shopping.
Future (will)	will be + signed	The contract will be signed tomorrow. The documents will all be signed by next week.
Future (going to)	am, is, are + going to be + built	A bridge is going to be built within the next two years. New houses are going to be built in our neighborhood.
Present perfect	has, have + been + sold	That start-up has been sold for $5 million. The rights to his book have been sold for $250,000.
Past perfect	had + been + hired	The new manager had been hired before John left the company. All the employees had hired before the store opened.
Future perfect	will + have been + finished	The car will have been loaded by the time he gets home. The crates will have been loaded by then.
Modals: can/could	can, could + be + issued	A passport can only be issued at the embassy. He said the documents could be issued within the week.
Modal: have to	have to, has to, had to + be+ arranged	A babysitter has to be arranged for this evening. Joan’s travel plans have to be arranged by December.
Modal: must	must + be + stopped	Criminals must be stopped before they commit crimes.

All of the rules for passive negatives and questions are the same as for the active voice.

Note: Verbs that have no object (no one to “receive” the action) cannot be put into the passive, such as, arrive, come, die, exist, go, happen, have, live, occur sleep, etc.

Reported Speech (indirect speech)

Reported speech is when you tell somebody else what you or a person said before.

Distinction must be made between direct speech and reported speech.

Direct speech vs Reported speech:

Direct speech	Reported speech
She says: "I like tuna fish."	She says that she likes tuna fish.
She said: "I'm visiting Paris next weekend"	She said that she was visiting Paris the following weekend.

Different types of sentences

When you use reported speech, you either report:

Ø  Statements

Ø  questions

Ø  requests / commands

Ø  other types

I. Reporting Statements

When transforming statements, check whether you have to change:

Ø  pronouns

Ø  tense

Ø  place and time expression

1-Pronouns

In reported speech, you often have to change the pronoun depending on who says what.

Example:

She says, “My dad likes roast chicken.” – She says that her dad likes roast chicken.

2-Tenses

If the sentence starts in the present, there is no backshift of tenses in Reported speech.

If the sentence starts in the past, there is often backshift of tenses in Reported speech.

	Direct speech	Reported speech
(no backshift)	“I write poems.”	He says that he writes poems.
(backshift)	“I write poems.”	He said that he wrote poems.

No backshift

Do not change the tense if the introductory clause is in a present tense (e. g. He says). Note, however, that you might have to change the form of the present tense verb (3rd person singular).

Example:
He says, “I write poems.” – He says that he writes English.

Backshift

You must change the tense if the introductory clause is in a past tense (e. g. He said).

Example:
He said, “I am happy.” – He said that he was happy.

Examples of the main changes in tense:

Direct Speech	Reported Speech
Simple Present He said: "I am happy"	Simple Past He said that he was happy
Present Progressive He said: "I'm looking for my keys"	Past Progressive He said that he was looking for his keys
Simple Past He said: "I visited New York last year"	Past Perfect Simple He said that he had visited New York the previous year.
Present Perfect  He said: " I've lived here for long time "	Present Perfect  He said that he had lived there for a long time
Past Perfect  He said: "They had finished the work when I arrived"	Present Perfect  He said that they had finished the work when he had arrived"
Past Progressive He said: "I was playing football when the accident occurred"	Past Perfect Progressive He said that he had been playing football when the accident had occurred
Present Perfect Progressive He said:"I have been playing football for two hours."	Past Perfect Progressive He said that he had been playing football for two hours
Past Perfect Progressive He said: "I had been reading a newspaper when the light went off"	Past Perfect Progressive He said that he had been reading a newspaper when the light had gone off
Future Simple (will+verb) He said: "I will open the door."	Conditional (would+verb) He said that he would open the door.
Conditional (would+verb) He said: "I would buy Mercedes if I were rich"	Conditional (would+verb) He said that he would buy Mercedes if he had been rich"

The verbs could, should, would, might, must, needn't, ought to, used to do not normally change.
Example:
He said, “She might be right.” – He said that she might be right.

3-Place and time expressions

Place and time expressions change if the context of the reported statement (i.e. the location and/or the period of time) is different from that of the direct speech.

In the following table, you will find ways of transforming place and time expressions into reported speech.

Direct Speech	Reported Speech
Today	that day
Now	then
Yesterday	the day before
… days ago	… days before
last week	the week before
next year	the following year
Tomorrow	the next day / the following day
Here	there
This	that
These	those

B. Reporting Questions

When transforming questions, check whether you have to change:

Ø  pronouns

Ø  place and time expressions

Ø  tenses (backshift)

Also note that you have to:

transform the question into an indirect question

use the question word (where, when, what, how) or if / whether

Types of questions	Direct speech	Reported speech
With question word (what, why, where, how...)	"Why" don’t you speak English?”	He asked me why I didn’t speak English.
Without question word (yes or no questions)	“Do you speak English?”	He asked me whether / if I spoke English.

C. Reporting requests / commands

When transforming requests and commands, check whether you have to change:

Ø  pronouns

Ø  place and time expressions

Direct speech	Reported speech
“Nancy,do the exercise.“	He told Nancy to do the exercise.
"Nancy, give me your pen, please."	He asked Nancy to give him her pen.

Tenses are not relevant for requests – simply use to  / not to + verb (infinitive without "to")

Example:

She said, “Sit down." - She asked me to sit down.

She said, "don't be lazy" - She asked me not to be lazy

For affirmative use to + infinitive (without to) For negative requests, use not to + infinitive (without to).

D. Other transformations

Expressions of advice with must, should and ought are usually reported using advise / urge.
Example:
“You must read this book.“
He advised / urged me to read that book.

The expression let’s is usually reported using suggest. In this case, there are two possibilities for reported speech: gerund or statement with should.
Example:
“Let’s go to the cinema.“=
1. He suggested going to the cinema.
2. He suggested that we should go to the cinema.

Main clauses connected with and/but

If two complete main clauses are connected with ‚and or ‚but, put ‚that after the conjunction.

Example:
He said,“I saw her but she didn't see me.“ – He said that he had seen her but that she hadn't seen him.“

If the subject is dropped in the second main clause (the conjunction is followed by a verb), do not use ‚that‘.

Example:
She said,“I am a nurse and work in a hospital.“ – He said that she was a nurse and worked in a hospital.“

THE GERUND

This looks exactly the same as a present participle, and for this reason it is now common to call both forms 'the -ing form'. However it is useful to understand the difference between the two. The gerund always has the same function as a noun (although it looks like a verb), so it can be used:

a. as the subject of the sentence:

·         Eating people is wrong.

·         Hunting tigers is dangerous.

·         Flying makes me nervous.

b. as the complement of the verb 'to be':

·         One of his duties is attending meetings.

·         The hardest thing about learning English is understanding the gerund.

·         One of life's pleasures is having breakfast in bed.

c. after prepositions. The gerund must be used when a verb comes after a preposition:

·         Can you sneeze without opening your mouth?

·         She is good at painting.

·         They're keen on windsurfing.

·         She avoided him by walking on the opposite side of the road.

·         We arrived in Madrid after driving all night.

·         My father decided against postponing his trip to Hungary.

This is also true of certain expressions ending in a preposition, e.g. in spite of, there's no point in..:

·         There's no point in waiting.

·         In spite of missing the train, we arrived on time.

d. after a number of 'phrasal verbs' which are composed of a verb + preposition/adverb

Example:
to look forward to, to give up, to be for/against, to take to, to put off, to keep on:

·         I look forward to hearing from you soon. (at the end of a letter)

·         When are you going to give up smoking?

·         She always puts off going to the dentist.

·         He kept on asking for money.

NOTE: There are some phrasal verbs and other expressions that include the word 'to' as a preposition, not as part of a to-infinitive: - to look forward to, to take to, to be accustomed to, to be used to. It is important to recognise that 'to' is a preposition in these cases, as it must be followed by a gerund:

·         We are looking forward to seeing you.

·         I am used to waiting for buses.

·         She didn't really take to studying English.

It is possible to check whether 'to� is a preposition or part of a to-infinitive: if you can put a noun or the pronoun 'it' after it, then it is a preposition and must be followed by a gerund:

·         I am accustomed to it (the cold).

·         I am accustomed to being cold.

e. in compound nouns

Example:

·         a driving lesson, a swimming pool, bird-watching, train-spotting

It is clear that the meaning is that of a noun, not of a continuous verb.

Example:

·         the pool is not swimming, it is a pool for swimming in.

f. after the expressions:

can't help, can't stand, it's no use/good, and the adjective worth:

·         She couldn't help falling in love with him.

·         I can't stand being stuck in traffic jams.

·         It's no use/good trying to escape.

·         It might be worth phoning the station to check the time of the train.

GRAMMAR 3

SUMMARY

Arinda Saraswati Wulandari

082110080

English Literature

COLLEGE OF LANGUAGE

UNIVERSITAS ISLAM SULTAN AGUNG

SEMARANG

2012